Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the developed world at present. Breast cancer begins with the development of abnormal cells, in one or both breasts, that replace normal healthy tissue. The cancer usually starts as a small lump (tumour), which, if untreated, can spread to the muscle, skin and lymph nodes under the arm.
What causes breast cancer?
The cause of breast cancer is not yet known, but there are known genetic and hormonal factors that are known to increase the risk of developing breast cancer. The risk of breast cancer is believed to be increased for women in the following categories:
- Where there is a family history of breast cancer in a first degree relative, for example, mother or sister
- Women who have never had children
- Women who had a first child after the age of 30
- Women with a history of radiation exposure (very rare in modern times)
What are the symptoms of breast cancer?
Breast cancer is a possibility if a small, hard, usually painless lump is found in the breast. Bear in mind that at least 80% of breast lumps are not cancerous, but are often only fluid-filled cysts in the breast tissue. However, every lump must be evaluated. Other symptoms include:
- Colour change, dimpling or scaling of the skin in one part of the breast
- Changes in the size or shape of the breast
- Discharge from the nipple
- Retraction (indentation) of the nipple
- Lumps in the armpit
What can I do?
If you find a lump in your breast you should report it to your doctor without delay. Your doctor will examine it and arrange further investigations if necessary.
Be aware of the normal appearance and feel of your breasts and the changes that usually occur during the menstrual cycle, if you are still having periods. If you detect any changes from the normal pattern, specifically a lump, a blood-stained discharge or other nipple changes or puckering of the skin, report these changes to your doctor without delay.
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